The Taliban’s Modus Operandi: Returning Afghanistan to Primitive Communism from the Perspective of Marx and Engels
Introduction Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels viewed the history of human societies as the history of transformations in modes of production and the social relations arising from them. From their perspective, societies began with primitive communism and then progressed through slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and more complex forms of social organization. A conscious or imposed return to earlier stages is not a cultural choice, but a historical regression. The Taliban’s modus operandi in Afghanistan can be seen as a clear example of such regression: a project that diverts society